I. PRONUNCIATION
Weak and strong forms of some conjunctions and prepositions
Listen and repeat
Conjunctions
Strong from
and

but
[ænd]

[bʌt]
[ənd, ən]

[bət]
Weak form
Prepositions
Strong from
at
for
of
to
from
[æt]
[fɔ:]
[ɔv]
[tu:]
[frɔm]
[ət]
[fɔ:,fə]
[ɔv, əv]
[tə]
[frəm]
Weak form
Practice reading these sentences
1. What are you looking at?
2. I want to go but I don’t know when.
3. She bought a book and two pens.
4. Thanks for coming.
5. I’m from Hanoi
6. Where is it from?
7. She’s the one I’m fond of.
8. First of all, I want to thank you for coming.
9. The letter was to him, not from him.
10. I want to ask you a question.
II. GRAMMAR
Presentation
RELATIVE CLAUSES
 GENERAL RULES:
Subject
Object
Possessive
who
who (m)
whose
which
which
Things and Animals
Persons
Antecedent
Function
Persons & Things
whose / of which
that
that
 EXAMPLES:
WHO (S)
- Do you know the man? ___ wrote this poem.
Do you know the man ____wrote this poem? (WHO: subject of WROTE)
WHOM / WHO (O)
- My employer works in the next room. I dislike
____.

He
who
him
whom
→My employer, ______ I dislike, works in the next room.
(WHOM: object of DISLIKE)

WHICH (S, O)
1. The flowers are beautiful. __________ are in your garden.
→The flowers _____ are in your garden are beautiful.
(WHICH: subject of ARE)
2. The flowers are beautiful. You bought _____ yesterday.
→The flowers _______ you bought are beautiful
yesterday.
(WHICH: object of BOUGHT)
The flowers
which
them
which
WHOSE (Po. Adj.)

- I know the girl. ___ father works in this bank.
I know the girl _____ father works in this bank.

- A tree should be cut down. __ branches are dead.
 A tree _____ branches are dead should be cut down.
(branches of which)
Her
whose
Its
whose
THAT
 may replace who, whom, which in restrictive (defining) clause.
ex: - This is the girl whom (that) I want to marry.
- The flowers which (that) you bought are fresh.
- Do you know the man who (that) wrote this poem?
 should be used after a mixed antecedent (person + thing / animal)
ex: I met the people, cattle and vehicles that went to market.
 should be used after adj. in the superlative and “the first”, “the last”, “the only”, “the very”
ex:- He is the kindest doctor that I’ve ever worked with.
- The last words that he spoke were: “long live VN!”
- John was the only student that didn’t pass the exam

THAT
 should be used after most Indefinite Pronouns: All, much, nothing, anything, nobody, everything,
ex: - Have you got all that you need ?
- I love everything that she makes for me.
- Much that I have read is untrue.
 should be used after the opening IT IS/WAS…,
(Cleft sentence)
ex: It was John that I was just talking to.
NOTES:
“That” is NOT used in non-restrictive (non-defining) clauses (after the comma) or after Prepositions
ex: - Air, which (that) we breathe, is made up of many gases.
- The man to whom (that) you were talking is the manager

 Whom, which, that are usually omitted from restrictive clauses when they are the Object of the verb in the clause, or of a preposition that doesn’t stand before them.
ex: The man (which/that) we voted for won the election.
 Whoever, whatever, …: may be used as S, O
1. Whoever asks, don’t say I’m at home.
2. Whatever happens, be calm.
 Which: may be used as S in
coordinating relative clauses
3. She gets good marks. This makes her parents happy
3. She gets goods marks, which makes her parents happy.
SOME STRUCTURES
 S – know WH + S – V
4. Where did you put my book?
4. I don’t know where you put my book.
S – V – N/Pro + WH + S – V
 S – V – N/Pro + V-ing … (Pre. P.P)
5. The man who came here yesterday is my uncle.
5. The man coming here yesterday is my uncle.
S – V – N/Pro + WH + S – be PP
 S – V – N/Pro + PP … (P.P.P)
6. This is the book which was written by Shakespeare
6. This is the book written by Shakespeare.
S – V – the first/ only … + WH + S – V
 S – V – the first/ only … + To V-inf …
7. Tom was the first student who handed in the paper
7. Tom was the first student to hand in the paper.
S – V – the first/ only … + WH + S – be PP
 S – V – the first/ only … + To be V3/ed …
8. Tom was the first student who was interviewed yesterday.
8. Tom was the first student to be interviewed yesterday.
Exercise
II. GRAMMAR
Exercise 1: Add Who, whoever, whose, whom, or which to complete the following sentences
1. There is one person to ___________ I owe more than I can say.
2. It was the kind of accident for ___________ nobody was really to blame.
3. ___________ leaves last should turn off the lights.
4. Mary was late yesterday, ___________ was unusual for her.
whom
which
whoever
which
5. At 6.00pm, ___________ was an hour before the plane was due, thick for descended.
6. I don’t know ___________ told you that, but they were wrong.
7. Mr. Brown was the first owner __________ dog won three prizes in the same show.
8. I’ve just spoken to Sally, ___________ sends you her love.
9. On Sunday, ___________ was my birthday, we went out for a meal.
10. The success of a shared holiday depends
on ___________ you share it with.
which
who
whose
who
which
whose
1. I read a book that was written by a friend of mine.
1. I read a book written by a friend of mine
2. A man who was carrying a lot of money in a box got on the bus.
2. A man carrying a lot of money in a box got on the bus.
3. In the street there were several people who were waiting for the shop to open.
3. In the street there were several people waiting for the shop to open.
Join the following sentences into two ways
4. Britain imports many cars which / that were made in Japan.
4. Britain imports many cars made in Japan.
5. I read a book that was written by a friend of mine.
5. I read a book written by a friend of mine.
6. The cowboy who had been wounded by a arrow fell off his horse.
6. The cowboy wounded by an arrow fell off his horse.
7. Most of the people injured in the crash recovered quickly.
7. Most of the people who were injured in the crash recovered quickly.
8. John, who wished he hadn’t come to the party, looked anxiously at his watch.
10. Vietnam exports a lot of rice which is grown mainly in the south of the country.
9. The children who were playing football in the schoolyard were my students.
8. John, wishing he hadn’t come to the party, looked anxiously at his watch.
9. The children playing football in the schoolyard were my students.
10. Vietnam exports a lot of rice grown mainly in the south of the country.
Homework
Redo this exercise in your notebook
Prepare “TEST YOURSELF B”